Word: 1790s
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...revolution raged in France in the 1790s, its colonial slaves in Hispaniola revolted; in 1804, they declared independence, and Haiti, which was named after the Taino word for "land of mountains," became the world's first sovereign black republic. The Dominican Republic wasn't established until 1844, after not just European rule but also 22 years of Haitian occupation. Strife between (as well as within) the neighbors, rooted in deep class, racial and cultural differences, was constant. Interference by foreign powers was often the norm. The Spanish took back the Dominican Republic in the early 1860s, and for periods during...
...immigration opponents in each of these periods had their reasons as well as their prejudices. In the late 1790s France and Ireland suffered revolutionary turmoil. French diplomats had interfered in U.S. politics. It seemed possible, as Otis warned, that some immigrants intended "to come here with a view to disturb our tranquillity." In the early 19th century, the Catholic Church in Europe won no favors in the U.S. by opposing republican revolutions in Italy and Hungary. American Catholics had been good citizens; would new arrivals also be? The anti-immigrant reaction of the 1920s was a spasm of disgust with...
...first, and bitterest, campaigns against a President's course in wartime was mounted by the Federalist Party. The Federalists, followers of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, had accomplished great things during the 1790s. But they suffered from the taint of élitism and in the election of 1800 lost the White House and Congress to their enemies, the Republicans (ancestors of today's Democrats). Federalism shrank to a regional bloc based in New England...
...peace, the founders in effect crafted an invitation to perpetual conflict between Congress and the President. On no occasion has Congress compelled the President to undertake a military action against his will (although it came close to forcing John Adams to make war against France in the 1790s)--providing at least some support for the notion that the processes of democratic deliberation can help keep the peace. On some occasions Congress has served as a kind of sheet anchor, restraining or even extinguishing the martial urge. In the isolationist 1930s, for example, Congress passed several neutrality statutes, aimed at keeping...
Born in Newport, R.I., in 1775, Stuart set off for London as a young man to improve his portrait-painting skills under the tutelage of masters. He returned to his native land in the 1790s and ultimately settled in Boston. He painted more than 1,000 portraits before his death in 1828—including illustrious Harvard alums such as founding father John Adams, Class of 1755, and Kirkland, Class of 1789, a clergyman who led Harvard from 1810 to 1828 and presided over the establishment of the University’s law school...