Word: 1800s
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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German expressionism, which flowered between the late 1800s and the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1932, is the orphan of modern art: plaintive, clotted with turbulent emotion, snotty and-outside Germany-somewhat inaccessible. Its local significance was immense, its international resonance small; even today, the expressionist works that survive best seem to be in film (Fritz Lang) or theater (Brecht-Weill) rather than in painting...
...technique used in the 1800s in which a prisoner is choked to death and his spine snapped by an iron collar being tightened around his neck...
...DEAF COMPOSER from the 1800s and a sage from 25 centuries ago seem strangely inoffensive targets for the Chinese, even on the verge of a New Cultural Revolution. After all, both Beethoven and Confucius are subjects for personal interpretation, reflection and appreciation, and, of course, both are dead. So for China-watchers, most of whom are reluctant to accept the ends, the means of China's Hell-for-the-Revolution-of-it policy grew more confusing with the recent attacks on the sage and the composer. The enemies of the often-paranoid Chinese have never been more elusive...
...rise of nationalism, Africa's political complexion changed very little from 1914 to 1950. It was in the '50s that the nationalist movement spread into the general populations of blacks living in empires carved by Europeans in the decade and a half imperialist scramble for Africa in the late 1800s. By 1960 almost all of Africa was either independent or close to attaining independence. Currently there are 40 sovereign black nations in Africa. Portugal alone still clings to Angola and Mozambique as tokens of Portuguese grandeur during European expansion...
...students of the once exquisite Japanese art of pornography, Nakata's stuff was a poor substitute for the celebrated Ukiyo-e erotica of the era before the first Westerners arrived more than a century ago. In the 1700s and early 1800s, when the great samurai families ruled the peaceful, isolated island nation, Japanese artists celebrated sex in extraordinarily direct and sensual prints and woodcuts. Every well-bred virgin was given at least one graphically instructive makura-e (pillow picture) as part of her trousseau. "There was no hypocrisy," says Ukiyo-e Scholar Teruji Yoshida. "These artists dealt with...