Word: 1840s
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...foremost industrial centers in America. As more mills were built, their owners recruited young, single New England farm girls as laborers. When the "mill girls," as they were called, rebelled against the long hours and low wages, they were replaced by Irishmen fleeing the potato famine of the 1840s. In a scheme to rid downtown Lowell of the unwanted Irish workers, the Yankee mill owners donated an acre of land southwest of the city's center. The neighborhood became a gateway for generations of immigrants who went to Lowell in search of work and a better life. On wages...
...European nation lost proportionately more of its sons and daughters to the U.S. than Ireland: in all, some 4,250,000 from 1820 to 1920. Native-born Americans sniffed at these Gaels -- made desperate by the potato famine that devastated their homeland in the 1840s -- as filthy, bad-tempered and given to drink. The haunting, taunting employment sign NO IRISH NEED APPLY became a bitter American cliche. And yet Irish lasses made the clothmaking factories of New England hum. Irish lads built the Erie Canal, paved the highways and laid tracks for the railroads. In the South the Irish were...
...THIS sounds familiar, that's because it is. The Republican Party, it will be remembered, began in precisely the same way back in the 1840s...
...pool of blood which flowed out of Ireland as Oliver Cromwell reduced the population from 1,466,000 to 616,000 in one decade in the mid-17th century. The white is not as pale as the faces of the millions who died during the famine of the 1840s while the British estate owners exported Irish wheat and livestock to pay for their extravagant lifestyles...
Born in Connecticut in 1826, Church had the good luck to be taken on as a student by Thomas Cole, whose slightly stilted allegorical landscapes had made him the most famous American artist of the 1840s. Like Cole, he painted scenes along the Hudson River and in the Catskills, in a manner much indebted to Claude Lorrain: peaceful arcadian vistas with the silver glint of lakes under evening skies. Church's valediction to his dead master, To the Memory of Cole, 1848, with its rose-wreathed cross on a mountainside between two emblems -- the tree stump (death) and the evergreens...