Word: 1840s
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...such distinction was possible before the emancipation of European Jewry from the ghettos between 1790 and the 1840s. Until then, the Jew lived in an insulated community that ensured conformance to tradition. Emancipation freed the Jew from the confines of community, and coming in contact with the ideas of the Enlightenment freed him from reliance on the tradition of Jewish theology. But the price of liberty was high. Under the influence of Lessing and Kant, Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86) stripped Judaism of its supernatural quality by arguing that it was essentially a rational faith. Even the greatest of modern Jewish...
...demand, Northern shipowners sent ever bigger and faster ships to Africa loaded with New England rum, as well as guns, to exchange for slaves. "Worter yr. Rum as much as possible," one owner counseled his captain, "and sell as much by the short mesuer as you can." In the 1840s, so many Yankee ships from Salem traded on the island of Zanzibar (which specialized not only in slaves but made-to-order eunuchs) that the natives believed Salem was a country...
...recommended" for use in public schools. The Regents were trying to resolve a conflict over what kind of religious observances should be held in public schools, attended by children of parents who profess various religious beliefs. The issue had vexed school authorities for more than a century: in the 1840s, Roman Catholics rioted in New York City in protest against the reading of the King James Version of the Bible in public schools...
Martha Schlamme in Concert (M-G-M). In a voice fresh as a sea breeze, Viennese-born Singer Schlamme conducts a folk tour mostly of Europe, avoiding the more familiar stops. Among her wistful best: The Praeties They Are Small, about the Irish potato famine of the 1840s, and that Weill-Brecht triumph of despair, Surabaya Johnny...
...Flint Jack." Two illiterate London mudrakers named Billy and Charley produced and buried thousands of "ancient" metal objects, and such objects are known as "Billys and Charleys" to this day. An ingenious forger named Peter Thompson, actually a carpenter and builder living near Regent's Park in the 1840s, not only forged 17th century "master drawings," but also invented the master. He named the man Captain John Eyre, and after picking a onetime lord mayor of London, Simon Eyre, as a likely ancestor, wrote a convincing biography and genealogy of him. Eyre, according to Thompson, was born in Blakewell...