Word: 1850s
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...accept film as a primary source for history? Film, like literature, is a cultural artifact, and historians have long recognized the value of studying literature. They feel free to apply literature to purposes of historical preservation rarely contemplated by the original authors. Historians read popular American literature of the 1850s to learn about that era's social values and aspirations, and they read 19th century English novels to learn about 19th century English society. This literature is interpreted as subjective material--it has an historical validity despite its lack of straightforward objectivity. Nobody claims, for example, that London was exactly...
From the middle 1850s when, as a schoolboy in Switzerland and an undergraduate at Göttingen University, he began picking up fragments of stained glass from ruined churches, buying works of art was his obsession. Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, rare drawings, incunabula (literally, things from the cradle, or books printed before 1501), bookbindings, historical documents and letters-these poured into his vaults, sucked from Europe as by a vacuum cleaner by the limitless power of his funds. After 1906 the collection was housed in the Morgan Library, a Manhattan palazzo designed by McKim, Mead & White that is itself...
...match with then world champion Emanuel Lasker: "To you, Dr. Lasker, I have only three words, check and mate." He lost. Or Paul Morphy, the American who was acknowledged as the world's best player during a career of only a year and a half in the 1850s, and who died insane, a hater of the game. And the Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca, arguably the greatest player of all time. His government gave him a permanent position as a roving diplomat, transferring him to a post in whatever city his next tournament was scheduled...
...sinful." Says Sylvia Lavietes, a Manhattan social worker: "At first I was really depressed about the energy crisis, but now I think it's a riot. It's a real challenge. As a child I sometimes wondered what it would have been like to live in the 1850s. That was a time when people were much more in control of their lives. Our society has suffered from mental and physical atrophy. This crisis could really be a good thing." Other Americans would do well to adopt that spirit of adventure. It may be all that they have...
Originally proposed in 1802 by French Engineer Albert Mathieu, whose plan envisioned horse-drawn coaches passing through a candlelit tube, the tunnel idea has a long history of revivals and rejections. In the 1850s another French engineer, Aimé Thomé de Gamond, drew up a scheme for a railway tunnel. Queen Victoria promised De Gamond the blessing of "all the ladies of England" if he could carry it off, but the whole thing was quashed by suspicions that Napoleon III might have in mind a cross-Channel invasion...