Word: 1870s
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...1870s an influential movement, based on the medieval craft guilds, managed to overthrow the "gigantic weariness" of Victorian design. Philosophers and artisans worked together, raising tables and chairs, textiles, kitchenware -- even fireplace ornaments -- to the realm of art. Their achievements still glow in this profuse and discerning history...
...Annenberg's paintings include several Cezannes, most conspicuously the great 1902-06 panorama of Mont Sainte-Victoire, so different from the Met's more constricted version of the same subject. The collection includes works by Gauguin, Monet, Manet, Toulouse-Lautrec and Bonnard, and a group of Monets from the 1870s -- a phase of the master's work not well represented at the Met until...
...part, these limits were due to the poverty of Ryder's training as a draftsman of the human figure. Ryder could make dramatic, even magical conjunctions of shape. His color, judging from what is left of it, was rich. But he drew feebly. New York in the early 1870s could not give an art student much more than a remote echo of beaux arts disciplines in that department. The convention is to treat this as Ryder's good luck: it enabled his native, visionary qualities to prosper, unsullied by academic convention...
Does his inadequacy with the figure matter? Yes, but not fatally. Turner himself -- whose Slave Ship, often seen in New York in the 1870s, is probably the main source for Ryder's perennially astonishing vision of Jonah in the churning waters, about to be swallowed by the whale -- also drew figures like slugs. Still, when you look at the figures in Ryder's The Story of the Cross, whose "awkward posture and flattened quality" the catalog rather optimistically likens to Duccio and Cimabue, you know that any such comparison is impertinent. The Ryder is pious kitsch...
...early 1870s, Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both discovered the possibility of voice transmission, but Gray ignored the potential of the telephone in the erroneous belief that telegraphy would remain the dominant means of communication. In the early 1950s, technicians used the newly invented transistor simply as a substitute for bulky vacuum tubes. Only later did designers realize that the transistor could revolutionize electrical engineering by providing a tiny, universal electronic component that could be organized into integrated circuits and programmed to perform millions of different tasks...