Word: 1960s
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Among the army of burger flippers at work across America in the 1960s was a French chef putting his training to use at Howard Johnson's on Queens Boulevard in New York City. I worked for HoJo's from the summer of 1960 to the spring of 1970, doing my American apprenticeship, learning about mass production and marketing. The company had been started in 1925 in Massachusetts by Howard Deering Johnson, and by the mid-1960s its sales exceeded that of Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken and McDonald's combined. There would be more than 1,000 Howard Johnson restaurants...
...eventually adopted a more international point of view and, in the 1960s, began to speak of issues, such as encouraging free trade by reducing tariffs and other barriers, that many Japanese businessmen had been reluctant to discuss for decades. He represented, very vocally, the business community of Japan, a country that had during the 1970s become the No. 2 economy in the world and could no longer be ignored by the major economic players. Some controversy resulted when he was listed as co-author of a book in 1989--The Japan That Can Say No--that suggested that other countries...
...undated resignation letters that he could use if they tried to vote against him. His closest employees, according to one biographer, formed the Occidental Mouseketeers--with official membership drawings of a cowering mouse on a red carpet. But they weren't as beaten as the ITT execs of the 1960s and '70s, who were regularly grilled and even sickened in large meetings with CEO Harold Geneen...
...bought more companies than ITT's Geneen, who during the second half of the 1960s was called "the greatest businessman alive." ITT made telephone equipment, ran hotels, built homes, rented autos, sold insurance, made grass seed and rented billboards. He believed in big and swore that "if risk is a bucking bronco, a conglomerate is the best way to enjoy the ride...
Thus far in the 1990s, a TIME analysis shows, the state has wiped off the books $3.1 billion in property taxes alone. That's 14 times the amount the state excused in the 1960s and doesn't include all the other types of tax breaks granted to corporations. That makes Louisiana No. 1 in terms of subsidies per capita. Some of the big beneficiaries include Lucent Technologies, Uniroyal Chemical, Willamette Industries, PPG Industries and Georgia Gulf Corp. Paul Templet, a professor of environmental studies at Louisiana State University, has measured business subsidies across the country. His sobering conclusion: "The states...