Word: 19th
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...next portion of the exhibit consists largely of works by Raja Ravi Varma. A late 19th-century painter, Varma is easily the most famous artist in India. He used European techniques to illustrate Indian subject matter: various sari-clad women, figures from Hindu mythology, and scenes from everyday Indian life...
...trials from the 18th and 19th centuries...
...Still, there may be more to this tale than the electoral cycle. The longer-term forces go back to the late 19th century, when industrialization threw up reformist parties of the left everywhere. Their natural clientele was a rising industrial proletariat; their natural program was the welfare state and income redistribution. But those days in Europe are gone. The milieu of such parties is evaporating, and that is why even in this economic crisis, social democratic parties are not scoring with more spending, taxes and goodies. Where is the working class in Britain, the first industrialized nation, where manufacturing contributes...
...notice that people in low-status jobs - sweeping streets, cleaning toilets - are Easterners or immigrants. Yet there's also been a striking geographical reversal. The poorly paid and the unemployed were shunted into the high-rises of Wedding, in the west, as rich Berliners swooped on the elegant 19th century housing of Prenzlauer Berg, left to crumble in the East during the Cold War era, now lavishly restored. It's similar along the edge of the neighboring district of Mitte, the focus of the city's bar and restaurant culture. West Berlin was catnip to avant-garde artists, musicians...
...would not have been possible without Engels, an unlikely revolutionary who worked for years as a high-living, foxhunting capitalist to support Marx's endeavors--Engels' devotion was such that he even assumed the paternity of an illegitimate child of Marx's. Hunt shows how factionalism was endemic among 19th century radical groups, nurturing poisonous seeds whose harvest became clear only when communism turned from theory into murderous practice. But he reminds us, too, that Engels' great work on the misery of early industrial life is enough to explain why communist theory--and revolution--was once so appealing...