Word: 19th
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...campaign funds. The Legislative Branch has made a tradition of taking August off, going back to the first Congress, in New York City in 1790. Back then, the break lasted until December (it often took weeks to travel between New York and some Southern states). Throughout much of the 19th century, Congress adjourned in June or July to escape the heat of Washington summers. Beginning in 1911, however, Congress met frequently in the summer months, particularly during both world wars. Since 1970 the August break has been congressionally mandated, but exceptions are still made in times...
...always really sucked. Homer's Odyssey recalls the plight of Sisyphus, the Corinthian King consigned to nudging a boulder up a hill for all eternity; according to the gods' twisted decree, when he neared the top of the hill, the rock would come tumbling down. Rehabilitation in 19th century England took a page from the Greeks' prescription for soul-crushing drudgery: inmates would be forced to trek endlessly on treadmills, pass their days turning purposeless cranks for thousands of revolutions at a time, or shuttle cannonballs back and forth in an activity known as the "shot drill." Among those subjected...
...Western liberal democracy is but one of them. But that little collection of essays on the great equations reminds us that a society's characteristics today will not necessarily shape what it will look like tomorrow. History rarely runs in straight and predictable lines. At the end of the 19th century, Germany - or perhaps more accurately, Germanic central Europe - was a technological and scientific powerhouse, its universities nurturing geniuses like Einstein, Heisenberg and Schrödinger, whose discoveries changed the way we thought of, well, everything. Then came the carnage of World War I, the rise of fascism and communism...
...spirit. The great mass of European settlers were amateur explorers, and their grandchildren and great-grandchildren who created the U.S. were amateur politicians. "I see democracy," the late historian Daniel Boorstin wrote, as "government by amateurs, as a way of confessing the limits of our knowledge." In the early 19th century, Alexis de Tocqueville approvingly noted the absence of "public careers" in America - that is, the scarcity of professional politicians. (See 25 people to blame for the financial crisis...
...didn't lenders better capitalize on our speculative bent sooner? Our banking system was never national. In fact, it wasn't even retail in the 19th or early 20th century. The banks that were capable of doing the most lending to individuals didn't actually do it. We had to wait until Bank of America, for instance, got into business and a lot of the companies like Household Finance that started making consumer loans for this thing to actually warm...