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...word Islam means submission−to the will, it is implied, of Allah. No religion was more appropriately named. At the height of its conquests in the 8th century A.D., the empire of Islam stretched from the Atlantic beaches of Portugal to the western fringe of China. It encompassed half the known world. This Moslem superstate was the largest religious and political bloc mankind had seen since the Augustan empire, and it had all been consolidated in a little more than 100 years after the death of the prophet Mohammed...
Political assassination was frequent in highly civilized 8th century Spain. Most murders were committed by rival factions. So, too, in the Ottoman Empire, where assassination was used for political consolidation and transfer of power. When Sultan Murad III died in 1595 leaving 20 sons out of 47 surviving children, Murad's successor, Mohammed III, eliminated his competition by murdering his 19 brothers...
Incumbents Silvio O. Conte (R.) in the 1st district, Edward P. Boland (D.) in the 2nd, Robert F. Drinan (D.) in the 4th, Michael J. Harrington '58 (D.) in the 6th, Torbert H. MacDonald '40 in the 7th, Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. (D.) in the 8th, John J. Moakley (D.) in the 9th, Margaret M. Heckler (R.) in the 10th, James A. Burke (D.) in the 11th and Gerry E. Studds (D.) in the 12th district all won re-election
Confucianism consisted of rule by a scholar elite steeped in the great ethical classics of Chinese antiquity. By the 8th century a complex system of civil service examinations, based on literary and ethical knowledge, had become the principal route to bureaucratic advancement. The scholarly ruling class jealously guarded its monopoly on correct ideas and prevented anybody else, merchants or soldiers, for example, from gaining power. It stressed tranquillity and order, not struggle and change, as the primary goals of society...
...aware of it before the 10th of July, based on your long and very complete discussions with him on the 6th 7th and 8th of July...