Word: acidizing
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...Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Wolfe...
...Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Wolfe...
Long before the three new Nobel laureates began their experiments, scientists had learned that the message of heredity is carried by large molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the chromosomes. Researchers had deduced that somehow DNA directs the cells to assemble amino acids into the proteins that form the basic structural material of all living beings and impart their characteristics. Then, in 1953, James Watson (author of The Double Helix] and Francis Crick put together more of the puzzle; they discovered that DNA consists of twin helices that are held together by regularly spaced links similar to the stairs...
...Nirenberg, then an obscure young scientist at the National Institutes of Health, provided the biological Rosetta stone. After synthesizing a single helix with half-stairs that were the equivalent of only one of DNA's nucleotides-adenine (A)-he added it to a solution containing all 20 amino acids. Only one protein was produced in the solution. It consisted entirely of a chain of amino-acid molecules called phenylalanine. Thus, Nirenberg concluded, a three-letter code word made up of adenine nucleotides (AAA) was nature's instruction to the cell to use phenylalanine in building a protein...
...Cornell, Holley studied both the genetic code and its function in building proteins by analyzing "transfer RNA," a form of ribonucleic acid. RNA collects amino acids floating in the cell and, like a tug towing a barge, pulls them to an assembly site where, in the sequence dictated by the master DNA molecule, they are combined into the appropriate protein. Holley worked out the complete structure of a transfer RNA molecule, demonstrating how it attaches to a particular amino acid and brings it to the growing protein chain at the proper time and place...