Word: affected
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Other difficult cases followed, among them children with chronic pain. Some of the toughest cases, like that of the boy with cancer, involved neuropathic pain caused by damage to major nerves. Such pain can result from amputations, injuries, cancer and other diseases that affect the nerves, and it often does not respond to standard therapy. "I was making it up by extrapolating what had been done for adults and knowing the pharmacological differences between children and adults," Berde says. "I began thinking there was a need for better ways of managing pain, and a need to have it be multidisciplinary...
...course they do. In fact, Berde says, research has shown that babies actually feel more pain than older patients--longer-lasting, more widespread pain that is likely to affect their behavior later in life. Pain unleashes a destructive cascade of stress hormones that can weaken the immune system and make the heart rate and blood pressure soar. Studies in the 1970s and '80s showed that babies deprived of anesthesia during surgery were more likely to develop infections, brain hemorrhages, muscle wasting and difficulties in healing...
...great medical challenge; it was fairly straightforward compared with many of the messy youth shootings that confront E.R. doctors nowadays. Yet the woman's attempted suicide proved to be an epiphany for the young physician who attended her. It not only altered his life and career but also would affect countless other victims of gunshot wounds--and would have a major effect on the national debate over gun control...
...distinct receptors have been identified for serotonin alone. And since a given nerve cell may have more or fewer receptors, depending on where in the brain it is located, a jolt of a particular neurotransmitter can generate electrical signals of widely varying strengths. Small wonder, therefore, that serotonin can affect everything from satiety to depression...
More than a bit. In fact, the entire history of serotonin and of drugs that affect it has been largely a process of trial and error marked by chance discoveries, surprise connections and unanticipated therapeutic effects. The chemical was not even first discovered in the brain. It was stumbled on in the late 1940s by U.S. and Italian researchers, working independently, in blood platelets and in the intestines, respectively. The Italians called it enteramine, the Americans serotonin (sero for blood, tonin for muscle tone)--and when the two groups compared notes, they found their compounds were identical...