Word: africa
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...marauding Mongols poured into the Arab lands, killing people and wrecking schools. In two centuries, ending in 1291, Arabs fought off eight Christian Crusades. Gradually, the caliphs lost touch with their people, becoming decorative mollusks. Finally the Arabs lost even their economic importance to the world; by sailing around Africa to India in 1498, the Portuguese outflanked Arab ports and customs stations. After seizing Egypt in 1517, the Ottoman Turks ossified Arab culture, banning Arabic except in courts and mosques, halting poetry, science and education-just as the European Renaissance was in full bloom...
...first they were fascinated by Western ideas, from mixed bathing to parliamentary democracy. Western imperialism, symbolized by the Suez Canal, changed the fascination to hostility. Britain "temporarily" occupied Egypt in 1882-and stayed 75 years. By 1914, Britain, France, Italy and Spain owned all of North Africa, manipulating puppet princes, exempting themselves from local law and suffocating local initiative. European goods carried little or no duty; native industries were taxed to death. Britain long held spending for Egyptian education to 1% of the budget; France left Algerians 85% illiterate. A few collaborators grew rich: a mere .5% of Egyptians owned...
...state police that they would not mention the two prisoners, and indeed they did not. But they swore to return the next night, and the speaker concluded: "I'm going to tell you niggers out there now the best thing you can do is start taking reservations for Africa. Get ready to leave this country. This is a white man's country. Princess Anne is a white man's town. This is a white man's county...
...South Africa...
...fact that persons who have committed it in the past have not all been eccentric nuts, but have often been clearly vandicated by time. Socrates is one example; he chose to die in behalf of free speech. Gandhi is another; it was his sojourn in South Africa in the 1890's that led him to civil disobedience and arrest, and to the formulation of his theories of non-violent action (ahimsa and satyagraha). He took the view that every citizen is responsible for every act of his government. A new book on General Billy Mitchell has revived the story...