Word: africanism
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...African-American community has heard enough of the "gloom and doom" prophecies of life after affirmative action, said Abigail Thernstrom who, along with her husband, Winthrop Professor of History Stephan A. Thernstrom, co-authored America in Black and White: One Nation Indivisible...
...stereotyping, blaming blacks for racial inequality, and hostility toward an active policy involvement in fighting racial inequality leads to the re-creation of racial segregation and economic inequality. It does so through a variety of informal social mechanisms. For example, there is burgeoning evidence that the negative stereotypes of African-American discourage many whites from willingness to live in integrated neighborhoods. There is also growing evidence that negative stereotypes lead many employers to place African-Americans at the very bottom of the potential labor queue...
Second, there are virtually no African-Americans in the white middle class. Today's black middle class is larger and more secure than ever before, constituting perhaps a third of the African-American population. This milestone achievement, however, is easily misperceived and exaggerated. The black middle class still earns less, faces greater difficulty in securing occupational mobility, and faces greater risk of unemployment than otherwise comparable whites. Far more important, however, are four considerations. As sociologists Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro established in their award winning book, Black Wealth/White Wealth, the black middle class possess a fraction of the assets...
There is, in addition, growing evidence that the level of labor market discrimination faced by African-Americans rose during the 1980s. Contrary to much popular perception, the Reagan-Bush years of assault on affirmative action and other aspects of civil rights enforcement were also an era when young college-educated blacks lost ground relative to whites. This is true both for earnings and for prospects of employment. Yet this was a time of narrowing black-white gaps in skill and achievement. I am persuaded by political economist Martin Carnoy's claim in his important book Faded Dreams, that Reagan-Bush...
Third, poor and working class African-Americans face barriers to opportunity based in both class and race. All workers irrespective of race, especially low-skill workers, have seen an increasingly globalized, high technology economy, much facilitated by laissez-faire social policy, drive down their wages and standard of living. Nonetheless, research involving carefully designed audits (i.e., matched pairs of job applicants), as well as systematic surveys and in-depth interviews of low-skill employers speak loudly on the subject of race: direct racial bias against African-Americans exists today. Continued race bias in the labor market and residential segregation help...