Word: africanization
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...future is another matter. In recent years, some African nations have coped with tribalism rather well?notably Kenya, where Jomo Kenyatta, the charismatic Kikuyu, is so surely in the saddle that he long seeded his government with other tribes and allowed Kenya a two-party system. Unfortunately, Jomo has just banished the opposition party from the current local elections on the ground that its candidates filed the wrong papers...
...contrast, Kenya's neighbors, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania, have governed themselves better than anyone expected. One paradoxical reason is the very profusion of East African tribes; no one tribe dominates the rest. Moreover, it is one of Africa's many ironies that tribalism can be used to create national unity as well as shred it. In Zambia last year, for example, the country's angry young university graduates pressured older politicians to step aside, and typically inflated assorted tribal claims to clothe their ambitions. Seizing the tribal issues, President Kenneth Kaunda created a unifying nationalist ideology?a supratribal humanism based...
...foreseeable future, African expectations must constantly outrace gratification?a spur that gives hope for ultimate progress but also inevitably promises more civil wars and revolutions. Unfortunately, a new order and a new map of Africa may eventually emerge only after tribes and the would-be nations have gone through many violent tests of strength. If Africa does surmount its troubles, it will have to find substitutes for tribalism, with its emphasis on order, authority and belonging. To harness those values in peaceful ways is Africa's challenge?and a great drama...
...marches of New Yorkers outside the United Nations building, impassioned debates in Britain's Parliament and West Germany's Bundestag, shillings and sixpences collected by Tanzanian schoolchildren and in the appeal of a "deeply distressed" Pope Paul VI. Despite the world's horror, the efforts of the Organization of African Unity, the personal intervention of Emperor Haile Selassie and four separate confrontations across the bargaining table, the fighting and the starvation...
...Africa one more step in the direction that most African scholars are convinced would lead to disaster. Far from splintering into countless anthill economies, they argue, Africa's nations should be consolidating their resources and widening their markets. Three nations in East Africa have moved in this di rection by founding a nascent common market, and elsewhere there are the beginnings of cooperation in handling currency and passports. But if Africa's most populous nation can fall apart, the prospects for successful regionalism look dim indeed...