Word: ai
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...Ford includes his own nicely rancid vaudeville about Richard Nixon to the tune of No Substitute, the hilariously solemn Nixon-Lodge campaign song for 1960. Disney artists contributed to a crude, perky 1952 TV commercial for Eisenhower ("I like Ike, you like Ike, everybody likes Ike/ Let Ad-l-ai go the other way,/ We'll take Ike to Washington...
...side of orthodoxy stands Lenat. Though CYC's unabashedly more-is-more approach has raised eyebrows in the field, its design remains true to one of the central tenets of classical AI: symbolic knowledge makes the mind go round. In other words, if you can write down the logical structures through which we apprehend the world, you're halfway to re-creating intelligence. And if you can program what you've written into a machine, even better. Hence the 170 person-years CYC's handlers have devoted to codifying what any five-year-old already knows...
...other hand, embodies the principles of AI's breakaway faction, the so-called bottom-up school. Inspired more by biological structures than by logical ones, the bottom-uppers don't bother trying to write down the rules of thought. Instead they try to conjure thought up by building lots of small, simple programs and encouraging them to interact. Earlier in his career, Brooks helped put this approach on the AI map by building tiny, insectlike robots--"bugbots"--that wandered around his laboratory without the benefit of any single guiding program. Cog's "mind," similarly, is just a collection of loosely...
...agents. If anybody is likely to beat him to market, it's a former student of Brooks' named Patricia Maes, founder of the M.I.T. MediaLab's Autonomous Agents group and of Agents, Inc., based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Maes and her students have devised imaginative ways to use bottom-up AI to personalize information delivery--"your news" as opposed to "the news...
That isn't what AI set out to achieve 40 years ago. But artificial intelligence tends to be a moving target; once a computer can do something--like play tic-tac-toe or even chess--that behavior no longer seems to require much thought. If anything unites AI's increasingly diverse strategies for building machines that think, however, it's that they all require us to stretch our notions of what human thought really is. "We need to be prepared," warns Ray, "for an intelligence that is very different from...