Word: america
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...most recent decades, with the computer's coming of age, that information has replaced manufacturing as the primary source of growth. In fact, it is really too soon to pass judgment on most of the information age's brightest lights, among them Apple's Steve Jobs, America Online's Steve Case and Netscape's Marc Andreessen, who may wind up contributing even more to the 21st century than to the 20th...
Three men--Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and J. Pierpont Morgan--personified this sweeping turn-of-the-century transformation. Imbued with all the greed, guile and enterprise of the age, they exhibited a bullish faith in America's future despite the depressions, strikes and financial panics that punctuated these tumultuous years. In their different ways, each dealt a mortal blow to the small-scale economy of the early republic, fostering vast industries that forever altered the size and scope of the nation's business...
...crafting the first major multinational corporation, Standard Oil, Rockefeller (1839-1937) provided a sneak preview of the 20th century. At his zenith, he refined, distributed and marketed nearly 90% of America's oil. The unlikely offspring of a raffish snake-oil salesman and a strict Baptist mother, Rockefeller grew up in several rustic hamlets in upstate New York and Ohio. He began his career as an assistant bookkeeper in a Cleveland, Ohio, commodity-brokerage house in 1855 and invested in his first refinery during the Civil...
Rockefeller believed in a new economic order that he dubbed "cooperation." President Theodore Roosevelt and his trustbusters had another word for it--monopoly--and the Lord proved no help to Rockefeller against T.R. Rockefeller's tough tactics forced America to define the limits of corporate behavior. Since Rockefeller managed to figure out every conceivable anticompetitive practice, the authors of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 simply had to study his career to draw up a reform agenda...
...eggs into one basket," Carnegie once advised, "and then watch that basket." For him that basket brimmed with steel. Fiercely competitive, obsessed with innovation and efficiency--he would unhesitatingly scrap a relatively new plant to erect a more modern one--Carnegie imported the Bessemer forced-air steel process to America. Such innovation permitted him to reduce the price of rails--the product that initially drove the industry--from $160 a ton in 1875 to $17 by 1900. His steel furnished the sinews of America's burgeoning towns and factories...