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Normally, ordered data values may be parameterized, establishing a relationship between genotype and phenotype. However, according to DiRienzo, with the HIV drug resistance genotype, not only are amino acid values unordered, but there are almost an infinitessimal number of possible combinations of amino acids and thus an even higher number of possible genotype patterns. Thus, the only practical way of analyzing the data is through non-parametric methods...
Together with Brenner and others, Crick provided an initial solution: DNA's sequence of four bases, taken three at a time, direct the formation of 20 amino acids; then, guided by DNA's single-chain cousins, messenger and transfer RNA (whose existence Crick predicted), these molecules link up to form more complex proteins. In the process, Crick asserted, genetic information always flows one way, from DNA to RNA to protein, an idea he called molecular biology's "central dogma...
...follow medical news even casually, you have probably heard about homocysteine. Over the past few years, this amino acid, produced in the body, has been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease--maybe even more important than LDL, or "bad cholesterol." According to many studies, elevated homocysteine levels can triple the chance that you'll get heart disease and significantly increase your risk of stroke--and maybe of Alzheimer's disease as well. Researchers even have a plausible explanation: homocysteine seems to damage the internal walls of the arteries--a major source of cardiovascular problems...
...should not overlook folic acid (found in meat and leafy green vegetables such as spinach) or vitamins B6 and B12. They reduce high levels of the amino acid homocysteine, which is believed to contribute to Alzheimer's. "It makes sense to have a diet that's rich in folic acid, fresh fruits, legumes and vegetables," says UCLA's Small. "And it can't hurt to take a multivitamin, which has 0.4 milligrams of folic acid and some...
...study, although not definitive, is the strongest evidence to date that homocysteine plays a role in Alzheimer's. Previous research had found that Alzheimer's patients often have high levels of the amino acid in their blood--though that could be because folks with Alzheimer's often don't eat very well...