Word: answering
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...more subtle and complex model makes is possible for the student to compare his answers with the printed correct response which the machine shows to him. In this type the information is printed in thirty radial frames on a paper disk. The disk is inserted, and once locked inside cannot be removed for examination (or cheating) until all the answers have been completed. The portion of the frame in which the correct answer is written is concealed until the student writes his own answer on a paper strip, visible through another opening...
...Correct Answer Revealed...
When he has answered, he moves a lever and the cover concealing the answer falls away. If his answer is the right one and corresponds, he moves the lever horizontally. In doing this he punches a hole in his answer strip, ineradicably noting that he thought his written answer correct. This same motion advances the machine to the next frame, and at the same time changes the position of the disk so that the correctly answered frame will not appear again if the student goes more than one full circle on the disk. Even if the answer is incorrect...
...evoked and, through differential reinforcement, brought under the control of specific stimuli." It is the step-by-step organization of the knowledge to be inculcated; and the frames are chosen and arranged in the way which will fully exploit the advantages of "immediate feedback," or direct determination of an answer's correctness or incorrectness...
Such a program must be very carefully worked out to avoid ambiguity and to escape incorrect but justifiable answers. For example in number three, the words heat and are necessary to make heat impossible for the answer. It is probably harder to compose such a program than it is to cover the same material in a textbook passage. The machine material must be clear and self-contained, because the machine is the only source, and cannot clarify itself as a teacher...