Word: antennas
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Last year, during two intervals when Mercury and Earth were on opposite sides of the sun, a team led by Physicist Irwin Shapiro bounced high-frequency signals from M.I.T.'s exceptionally precise Haystack radar antenna off the planet Mercury. On their way to and from Mercury, the signals, which travel at the speed of light, had to pass close to the sun. During these passages, according to the Einstein equations, solar gravity should have actually slowed them down, lengthening their 23-minute round-trip time to Mercury by one five-thousandth of a second...
Detecting so minute a change was no easy task. Using data gathered by the Haystack antenna and by other observatories, the researchers plotted both Earth's and Mercury's orbits to a degree of accuracy never before obtained; it was essential to know Mercury's exact distance at the time of the test to calculate the difference in round-trip time caused by solar gravity...
...about excessive telephone or telegraph rates, or that radio-controlled garage doors are fouling up aircraft communications, or that shrimp-boat captains are uttering obscenities on ship-to-shore frequencies, it is the FCC that takes the rap. Besides all this, the FCC grapples with Comsat and community TV antenna development, not to mention countless research chores, such as the POPSI Project-measurement of "Precipitation and other types of Off-Path Scatter Interference" on satellite and microwave communications...
...Galbraith, economics is a vehicle for achieving broad social aims. More than anyone else, he injects social ideas into the bloodstream of economics. As prodder, pleader and proselytizer, he is unrivaled in the U.S. today. "Galbraith is an antenna and a synthesizer," says Samuelson. "He senses what is in the air and puts it together and packages...
...published, the professors insist. They also point out that most such projects have many nonclassified aspects that provide valuable training for Ph.D. candidates. At Michigan, for example, classified electronics research has produced at least 30 doctorates. There is also considerable nonmilitary fallout from secret work. A 26-acre antenna built at Stanford to help the U.S. learn how to detect enemy missile launches was used by Stanford Electrical Engineer Von R. Eshleman to bounce the first radar signals off the sun.* Classified research at Michigan helped Emmett N. Leith develop the new science of holography (see SCIENCE), which uses laser...