Word: anti-nazi
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Gollwitzer, then 38, was an ordained Lutheran pastor who had spent two years in & out of Gestapo jails as a leading Christian anti-Nazi. He was Pastor Martin Niemoller's assistant in Niemoller's church at Berlin-Dahlem, and he took over the services there after Niemoller was arrested in 1937. Before he was drafted into the army, he had cheerfully collaborated with German Communists in the anti-Nazi resistance, and he had a European intellectual's theoretical respect for the Marxist solution. "To be leftist," he said later, "seemed a matter of honor...
Through Hans Gisevius, an anti-Nazi German intelligence officer, Dulles learned the details of the German underground's plot to assassinate Hitler. Dulles was never able to persuade the Allied powers to support the conspirators, but when the plot failed, he did succeed in saving Gisevius, who fled Germany with forged Gestapo papers and a Gestapo identification ring-all supplied...
From another anti-Nazi German, known by the code name "Wood," Dulles got the text of 2,600 top-secret German Foreign Office documents. It was on information supplied by Wood that Dulles found the first evidence that someone in the British embassy in Turkey was selling vital Allied secrets to the Nazis. Following up Dulles' lead, the British eventually discovered that the culprit was Ambassador Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen's valet "Cicero," who, thanks to the movie Five Fingers, has become World War II's best-publicized...
...Stuttgart, at war's end, Dibelius and Niemöller, released from a Nazi jail, signed the "confession of guilt" on behalf of the German churches. Neither this, however, nor their anti-Nazi activities during the war meant that they were secret adherents of the democracies all along. Two of Dibelius' sons, Franz and Wolfgang, had been killed in action. A hymn Dibelius wrote while they were at the front sounds like a companion piece to Deutschland iiber Alles (beginning: "Surrounded by the power of the foe. arise, thou German land . . ."). Dibelius' essential objection to Naziism, like...
Embittered, Schumacher opposed and insulted Adenauer at every turn. Although he was as fierce an anti-Communist as he had been an anti-Nazi, Schumacher said no to every statesmanlike gesture made in postwar Europe-the Schuman Plan, NATO, West Germany's joining the European Defense Community. Even in his own party he became dictatorial and sour, antagonized such figures as witty, courageous Ernst Reuter, West Berlin's mayor, who thought Schumacher's opposition to the West was dangerous. Schumacher earned the name Herr Nein...