Word: apartheid
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...integration of the world's economy over the past two decades has made imposing sanctions a far more daunting challenge today than it had been during the anti-apartheid era. Whereas most of the major foreign investors in South Africa during the 1980s had been U.S. and European corporations, effective sanctions today would require support from the world's emerging economies, particularly in Asia, where the tactic is unpopular. "The appetite for international sanctions has decreased massively in the last 10 or 15 years because it's seen as much more difficult to enforce," says Thomas Cargill of the London...
...contrast is stark between the world's response to the plight of the Zimbabweans and its engagement in southern Africa's last great battle against tyranny - the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. From campuses and civil society groups to the corridors of power throughout the Western world, the pressure was on for divestment and economic sanctions against the white-minority regime. And that pressure paid dividends when financial sanctions at a critical moment denied the regime access to credit and loans it desperately needed, helping nudge it to concede to the principle of majority rule and a handover...
...apartheid era, political violence in South Africa was invariably seen in black and white. But in the wave of anti-immigrant carnage that swept the country in late May, all 62 of those killed were black. So were the tens of thousands who lost their homes. And the mobs that beat, raped, robbed and burned victims alive. The hatred and violence that has shaken a country that optimistically proclaims itself the Rainbow Nation was not about racism - it was a symptom of globalization...
...growth has done little to reverse inequality or dangerously high levels of unemployment. In November last year, the South African Institute of Race Relations estimated 4.2 million South Africans were living on $1 a day in 2005, up from 1.9 million in 1996, two years after the end of apartheid. Globalization was supposed to be the tide to lift all boats, but the evidence in South Africa suggests that millions of boats are not merely missing the tide, they're in an entirely different ocean...
...anti-immigrant violence. Chief among them may be that xenophobia is less about color than about resources, and that the government would be well advised to concentrate less on the black-white divide of the past than on today's chasm between the haves and the have-nots. Apartheid may have made racist despots out of whites; globalization amid inequality and enduring poverty can make a bigot out of anybody...