Word: apollo
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...APOLLO 11 THROUGH 20. July's lunar landing is to be only the first of at least ten. Tentatively, three landings are scheduled to follow within a year of the initial touchdown by Apollo 11 astronauts. Lunar modules (LMs) will be set down on two lowland maria, or seas, as well as on two separate highland sites. In Apollo 11, the astronauts will stray no more than 50 ft. away from their craft. Their scientific equipment-called EASEP for "Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Payload"-includes a solar-powered seismometer to check on moonquakes and a mirror to bounce back...
...astronauts who make the second, third and fourth landings will carry a far more sophisticated payload called ALSEP, for "Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package." It features a magnetometer to measure the moon's magnetic field, an ion detector to study charged particles reaching the lunar surface, a mortar to fire grenades to determine the elastic properties of lunar rock, and a device to measure any heat flowing out of the moon's interior...
...last six Apollo landings, the LMs will be modified so that the astronauts can remain on the moon for up to 72 hours. Apollo 11 's crew will remain only 22 hours, though their LM is designed for a maximum 48-hour stay. Later astronauts should have more mobility on the lunar surface. A "lunar flyer," a one-man rocket vehicle, will enable them to range up to six miles from the LM and scale cliffs 500 ft. high. Less advanced but coming along is a 750-lb. "lunar rover," a tracked vehicle with a range...
...ORBITING LABORATORIES. A byproduct of the billions spent on Apollo is the hardware to send three missions, beginning in late 1971, to a manned space laboratory in orbit some 200 miles above the earth. Saturn 4B rockets will spend their fuel and then serve as bungalow-size space stations for three-man crews. The first will include a doctor, who will study the effects on himself and his companions of 28 days under zero gravity. The crew will also try to learn how vacuum and weightlessness affect certain manufacturing processes. These include electron beam welding and the use of molten...
...Microsecond to Decide. For all its plans, NASA is still having difficulty convincing its critics that it ought to be sending men even to the moon. As the lunar landing approaches, the debate over manned v. unmanned space shots has intensified. Historian Arnold Toynbee calls Apollo "moonmanship follies." John Kennedy's science adviser, Jerome Wiesner, warns that "it would be a mistake to commit $100 billion to a manned Mars landing when we have problems getting from Boston to New York City." Says Physicist Ralph Lapp: "Given a choice between $500 million for basic research and the same amount...