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...astronauts died of asphyxiation in the raging inferno, which began, NASA eventually concluded, with a short circuit in the Apollo's 20 miles of wiring. Flames spread along a nylon net under the astronauts' couches. Had the fire occurred in a natural atmosphere, the three might have had time to escape. But the blaze flashed through the pure oxygen in seconds. Even then the astronauts might have had a chance if they could have blown out Apollo's hatch by touching off explosive bolts. But Grissom was firmly opposed to the use of such bolts. Splashing down in the Atlantic...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: It Was Not the First Time | 2/10/1986 | See Source »

...Soviet space program has also had its tragedies. Just three months after the Apollo fire, Colonel Vladimir Komarov plunged more than four miles to earth in Soyuz 1 after its parachute snarled. In June 1971, Cosmonauts Georgi Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev suffocated during re-entry. Soviet officials later revealed that a valve had opened when the capsule separated from the Salyut 1 space station, allowing the cabin to depressurize...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: It Was Not the First Time | 2/10/1986 | See Source »

After Komarov's death, the Soviets halted manned space flights for 18 months and extensively redesigned the Soyuz capsule. NASA was also cautious. It suspended manned flights for 21 months after the Apollo fire, a period of agonizing self-appraisal. Admitting that no one had realized the extent of the fire hazard in a capsule full of pure oxygen, NASA switched to cabin atmospheres that consisted of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen while the spacecraft was on the pad. The agency also developed a new type of hatch that could be opened in five seconds. As NASA workers last week...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: It Was Not the First Time | 2/10/1986 | See Source »

...moon landing, talking by phone to Neil Armstrong and Edwin ("Buzz") Aldrin on the lunar surface. "This certainly has to be the most historic phone call ever made." It was even more, and Nixon knew it. He launched a global diplomatic odyssey timed to take advantage of the Apollo 11 success. His itinerary placed him on the aircraft carrier Hornet just as the moon crew was fished out of the ocean and lifted onto the TV screens of people all over the globe. Without the continuing spectaculars in space, Nixon's demise because of Watergate would have produced even more...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Pioneers in Love with the Frontier | 2/10/1986 | See Source »

There was, at the apex of detente during Gerald Ford's Administration, a brief hope that space could become a bridge rather than a barrier between the superpowers. In 1975 astronauts and cosmonauts aboard an Apollo and a Soyuz spacecraft linked in a display of heavenly symbolism. But such episodes proved to be merely minor exceptions to the rule that space was inevitably where the superpowers would extend their rivalry...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Pioneers in Love with the Frontier | 2/10/1986 | See Source »

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