Word: aranda
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...that all strikes were illegal. Last week the principle was put to a merciful death. At the instigation of the government, Spain's 601-member national Cortes (Parliament) restored to labor the right to strike for higher wages. "A difference of interests is inevitable," admitted Luis Gomez de Aranda, who pushed the bill through on behalf of the government...
...question arises because of a jewelry-store holdup in Los Angeles, after which the police arrested Henry Martinez and his alleged accomplice, John Aranda. At their joint trial, a policeman testified that Martinez had confessed, implicating Aranda. The judge followed a common practice: he ruled Martinez's confession admissible, but warned the jury not to consider it as evidence against Aranda. Not surprisingly, however, the jury found both men guilty of first-degree robbery...
...Martinez's confession on the ground that the police failed to warn him of his rights to silence and to counsel as soon as they had other solid evidence against him-his fingerprints at the scene of the crime. In effect, that reversal also destroyed the case against Aranda-and spurred the court to confront the whole problem of how confessions should be handled in joint trials...
Speaking for the California court in the Martinez-Aranda case, Chief Justice Roger Traynor took his cue from Jackson and reversed Aranda's conviction on the ground that a jury cannot "segregate evidence into separate intellectual boxes." In short, said Traynor, if A confesses that he committed criminal acts with B, the jury cannot "effectively ignore the inevitable conclusion that B has committed those same criminal acts with A." From now on, ruled Traynor, California courts must handle codefendant confessions according to new procedures...
...Confessions are permissible in joint trials if all incriminating references to other defendants are "effectively deleted" from the confession in question. In Aranda's case, it would have sufficed merely to delete his name from Martinez's confession because the confession contained no other clue to his identity...