Word: aranda
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...question arises because of a jewelry-store holdup in Los Angeles, after which the police arrested Henry Martinez and his alleged accomplice, John Aranda. At their joint trial, a policeman testified that Martinez had confessed, implicating Aranda. The judge followed a common practice: he ruled Martinez's confession admissible, but warned the jury not to consider it as evidence against Aranda. Not surprisingly, however, the jury found both men guilty of first-degree robbery...
...Martinez's confession on the ground that the police failed to warn him of his rights to silence and to counsel as soon as they had other solid evidence against him-his fingerprints at the scene of the crime. In effect, that reversal also destroyed the case against Aranda-and spurred the court to confront the whole problem of how confessions should be handled in joint trials...
Speaking for the California court in the Martinez-Aranda case, Chief Justice Roger Traynor took his cue from Jackson and reversed Aranda's conviction on the ground that a jury cannot "segregate evidence into separate intellectual boxes." In short, said Traynor, if A confesses that he committed criminal acts with B, the jury cannot "effectively ignore the inevitable conclusion that B has committed those same criminal acts with A." From now on, ruled Traynor, California courts must handle codefendant confessions according to new procedures...
They then consider the development of primitive cultures, not only in the general terms of the technology and social organization of paleolithic and neolithic cultures, but also by examining a few specific societies, like the Aranda of Australia, the Hopi, the Kazakhs of Central Asia, the Haida Indians off the West Coast of Canada, the Ganda of Uganda and finally the Inca. They consider in a fairly sophisticated manner just what makes a civilization, and how the primitive forms developed...
...part, Brown's report may have been too strong. Item: Aranda is not considered the leading monarchist in Spain. But Aranda has shown in the past that he is willing to take risks for his political convictions. If the divided opposition parties should be able to reach a working agreement, the hero of Oviedo might emerge as the key figure in Spain...