Word: arcing
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...week, Bock's northern army was driven back, his southern army was withdrawing rapidly under ferocious hammering. According to the Russians, 51 divisions had been swept into retreat, leaving behind 1,434 tanks, 5,416 trucks, 575 field guns, 339 trench mortars, 869 machine guns. On the defensive arc of the capital, 400 villages and towns had been recaptured in a week. Since Nov. 16, said the Russians, 85,000 Germans had been killed...
...welding arc that if it is held more than an instant on one spot, it will eat a hole through a thick steel plate. With his brilliant sputtering arc always in motion, a masked welder "knits" a seam by laying molten steel deposits endlessly atop each other...
Some welding on ships was attempted in World War I, but its failures impressed engineers more than its successes: no protective coating for the rods had been developed, so the arcs were not gas-shielded, and the welded seams were of inferior metal; the arcs' temperatures were hard to control, and welded plates often heat-warped. Development of the arc-shielding coating by Milwaukee's A. O. Smith Corp. at last gave arc welding the reliability it needed...
Machine tools. Casting is being nudged aside too by arc welding, notably in the machine-tool industry. Welding allows the frames of huge presses, drills, saws, etc., to be built of smaller pieces rather than cast in large chunks which then have to be cut, shaped and finished. Welding can cut by 25% (average) the time and cost of manufacturing the $450,000,000 worth of machine tools required yearly by the arming...
Resistance welding in its several forms, like arc welding, has made notable contributions to defense production. Commonest form is spot welding: two pieces of thin metal are fused together by the heat generated, due to their electrical resistance when an electric current passes through them. Unlike arc welding, melting of the current-feeding electrode is avoided by: 1) making the electrode partly of copper, whose resistance is very low; 2) mixing the copper, through powder-metal techniques (TIME, Sept. 29), with compounds whose melting point is far higher than steel's; 3) cooling the electrode with water...