Word: atomization
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Using powerful new tools, biologists at the University of Chicago have gently sliced through a red blood cell to peer at individual protein molecules clinging to its inner membrane. At the California Institute of Technology, chemists have watched in wonder as a hydrogen atom romances an oxygen away from a carbon dioxide molecule. And at Stanford University, physicist Steven Chu has mastered techniques for levitating millions of sodium atoms inside a stainless-steel canister and releasing them all at once in luminescent fountains. Of late, Chu and his colleagues have amused themselves by stretching a double-stranded DNA molecule...
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPES. Invented only 10 years ago, these extraordinary instruments probe surfaces with a metallic tip only a few atoms wide. At very short distances, electrons can traverse the gap between the tip and the surface, a phenomenon known as tunneling. This generates a tiny current that can be used to move atoms and molecules around with pinpoint precision. Thus last year physicists from IBM's Almaden Research Center manipulated 35 xenon atoms on a nickel surface to spell out their company's logo. They have also fashioned seven atoms into a minuscule beaker in which they can observe...
...Iran-Iraq war and Khomeini's death; Tehran hardly even bothers to hide its intentions anymore. On Oct. 25, Sayed Ataollah Mohajerani, an Iranian Vice President, told an Islamic conference in Tehran, "Since Israel continues to possess nuclear weapons, we, the Muslims, must cooperate to produce an atom bomb, regardless of U.N. attempts to prevent proliferation...
...addition to Brazil and Argentina, ended once flourishing nuclear programs; France, Germany and Argentina became much more discriminating in the kind of nuclear technology they would approve for sale and to whom. But all this progress could be easily reversed. The thought of North Korea's Stalinist regime brandishing atom bombs, for instance, could easily frighten Japan and South Korea into developing their own nukes. It would be a terrible irony if the early 21st century revived a dread that the end of the cold war in the 20th had seemed to put to rest: the fear that almost...
Watanabe said his country is not seeking "any kind of apology" from the U.S. for dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But his views were not shared by conservatives in his own ruling party. They blocked a resolution in the Diet that would have apologized for the war because they were offended by President Bush's statement that the U.S. has no reason to apologize for using the bombs...