Word: atomizers
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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Nuclear Capture. The atom consists of a tough, massive nucleus with one or more electrons spinning around it. For long years physicists assumed that an outside electron never fell into its own nucleus. At Ohio State University, Dr. Marion Llewellyn Pool bombarded silver with various projectiles, made it artificially radioactive. Thirty-five times more gamma rays than electrons spurted out of the radioactive silver. The only way Dr. Pool could explain this abnormally high ratio was by assuming that the nucleus had captured one of its own outside electrons...
Professor Graton's instrument magnifies distinctly 6000 diameters, four times more than the theoretical limit of clear definition. In fact, it goes beyond this more dimly and sees down to 100 atom diameters, about as close to the limits of infinite smallness as the seeing limits of the 200 in. telescope will be to the outer edges of creation...
Physicists probing within the atom toward the ultimate constitution of matter already had their hands full with positive and negative electrons, neutrons (uncharged particles), protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), deuterons (nuclei of doubleweight hydrogen), tritons (nuclei of tripleweight hydrogen), alpha particles (nuclei of helium), and the theoretical but necessary neutrino (little neutron...
Research on the atom has attracted some of the most brilliant minds of contemporary science, and atomic history is strewn with the names of Nobel Prizewinners. Aged Sir J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron, is a Nobelman; so is Niels Bohr of Denmark and so was the late Lord Rutherford of England, who formulated atomic structure. Their atom was, and still is, a nucleus surrounded by electrons. But in the 1920's, with the powerful searchlight of relativity illuminating the atomic field, it became apparent that the picture of the electron as a simple particle of negative electricity...
...ultracentrifuge - a machine which separates heavy molecules from light ones, inferentially measuring their molecular weights, by whirling them at enormous speeds. In this ultracentrifuge the molecular weight of the Stanley crystals was found to be about 17,000,000 units (17,000,000 times as heavy as a hydrogen atom...