Word: ayub
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...shortly after Ayub had won a second presidential term in a surprisingly close election that pitted him against Fatima Jinnah-the sister of Pakistan's founder, Mohammed AH Jinnah-he began running into problems. Pakistan's small educated elite, shut out from power, began to turn against him, criticizing his arrogance and intolerance as well as his reluctance to delegate authority. There were increasingly bitter allegations of corruption, centering on his eldest son Gohar Ayub, who had risen from army captain to millionaire in six years. Ayub's reaction to all complaints was to impose tighter curbs...
When Bhutto condemned the Soviet-sponsored Tashkent Agreement, which restored the old Indo-Pakistan borders, Ayub fired his Foreign Minister-although offering him an ambassadorship as a sop. Bhutto elected to stay at home and became increasingly critical of the President, a stand that gained him wide support among students and intellectuals. Last November, Ayub finally jailed him on charges of inciting to riot and endangering the national security-clearly an attempt to head the former Foreign Minister away from a presidential challenge later this year. By that time the opposition had hardened about demands for abandoning the "basic democrat...
Candlelight Procession. The pattern of unrest in Pakistan had a familiar beginning in student demands for education reform, which sparked bloody rioting. By last October, however, when civil disorders began to erupt on a wide scale, the opposition to Ayub was pushing far more substantive complaints. One had to do with Ayub's system of "basic democracy," which was really little more than constitutional window dressing to ensure his stay in power. Another was the resentment of the people of East Pakistan, 55% of the divided country's population, over what they felt to be the neglect...
...crescendo of violence, of rioting and of police repression mounted over five months until the toll was more than 70 dead. Last week alone, in the five days preceding Ayub's radio surrender, at least 38 people died in disorders in West and East Pakistan. Most of the trouble was in the East, where mob rule shook Dacca, the largest city, and army troops with automatic weapons confronted demonstrators who shrilled: "Rise! Rise!" Scores were injured by bayonets and flying lathis, the steel-tipped bamboo sticks used by the police, and attempts at curfews proved useless. But when Ayub...
Titular Presidency. When Ayub finally gave up last week, he renewed his offer to negotiate with his opponents on constitutional reform based on "free and democratic elections." If there was no agreement, he warned, he would evolve his own proposals. Some sources think that they will probably feature a titular presidency in a British-style parliamentary democracy, based on universal suffrage, as well as more regional autonomy for East and West Pakistan. Ayub has a year to lay the foundations for his ideas while opposition leaders struggle for the succession...