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Critics point to one of the research groups working to induce bacteria to manufacture insulin which already has a contract with a large pharmaceutical company, Eli Lilly & Co. The speed at which the work has advanced--and possible shortcuts scientists may have taken--have raised doubts...

Author: By Daniel Gil, | Title: A Scientific Race: Recombining DNA | 11/14/1978 | See Source »

...penicillinase, a natural product of the bacteria, serves as a carrier and marker, transporting the insulin to the cell surface where it normally resides. At the surface, the penicillinase and insulin can be exposed to certain radioactively labeled substances which attach specifically to these two proteins. Bacterial cells which are successfully manufacturing the protein are thus identified...

Author: By Daniel Gil, | Title: A Scientific Race: Recombining DNA | 11/14/1978 | See Source »

...California groups, led by Howard Goodman and Bill Ruggers, inserted the insulin gene already in bacteria last year but they have been unsuccessful in getting the E. coli to read it, according to Gilbert. The other West Coast project, run by Genentech Inc. and an organic chemist, Dr. Keiichi Itakura, announced in September that it had successfully produced human insulin using E. coli bacteria...

Author: By Daniel Gil, | Title: A Scientific Race: Recombining DNA | 11/14/1978 | See Source »

Itakura and his associates reported that, "Artificial genes that 'command' laboratory bacteria to manufacture human insulin have been synthesized." Rather than using natural animal genes for insulin, this group built an artificial copy of the human insulin gene in two short segments and inserted these separately into E. coli plasmids...

Author: By Daniel Gil, | Title: A Scientific Race: Recombining DNA | 11/14/1978 | See Source »

Genes from other organisms [3] are inserted into the DNA of E. coli bacteria which copies and decodes DNA rapidly. A ring of DNA--a plasmid--which is transferred between bacteria, is used for the incorporation procedure. It is easily isolated from a bacterial cell [1], cut open [2] and used as a receptor for a foreign gene [4]. The plasmid then carries the inserted DNA into a cell [5] where many copies can be "cloned...

Author: By Daniel Gil, | Title: A Scientific Race: Recombining DNA | 11/14/1978 | See Source »

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