Word: bacterias
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...teams-one at the City of Hope National Medical Center in the Los Angeles suburb of Duarte, under Dr. Keiichi Itakura, the other led by Biochemist David Goeddell at a small South San Francisco biochemical firm, Genentech Inc. Though scientists had already produced a precursor of rat insulin with bacteria, making the finished human variety posed greater difficulties. For it consists of two distinct molecular chains, a so-called A strand and a B strand, each of which is produced separately inside the cells of the pancreas under the direction of its own characteristic gene...
...genes. Then they inserted both the synthetic and the natural material into fresh E. coli. As a result, E. coli's DNA-reading machinery was unable to distinguish the foreign genes from its own and began ordering up production of the two chains of insulin. When the bacteria divided, each new generation of E. coli retained the insulin-making ability. Boasted City of Hope's Arthur Riggs: "We have tricked the bacteria." All that he and his colleagues had left to do was extract the two chains and join them to make whole molecules of human insulin...
...Indiana University Memorial Union Hotel, where many of the victims had stayed, as well as in a nearby creek. The key to the discovery: two new culture media specifically designed to foster laboratory growth of the bug, which ordinarily multiplies so slowly that it is obscured by other bacteria...
Although research teams in California last year achieved limited success in using gene-splicing techniques to induce bacteria to produce proteins, Gilbert's group was the first to induce bacteria to excrete a molecule as large as insulin...
Gilbert said that to insure the insulin would be excreted. the researchers inserted the insulin gene next to a gene for a protein the bacteria normally excreted. The insulin molecules rode "piggyback" on the excreted protein molecules across the bacterial membrane...