Word: barbarossa
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...beginning of December 1941, German troops were in Istra, a suburb only 15 miles west of Moscow. Ever since Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa at 4 a.m. on June 22, 1941, his forces had swept through Stalin's European empire. They took the half of Poland that had been partitioned to the Soviet Union in 1939, stripped off the Baltic states that Moscow had annexed just a year before, seized Belorussia, and were marching south into Ukraine. Stalin's generals were stunned. They had believed the idea of blitzkrieg was an unreliable bourgeois strategy. No one had expected such a lightning...
Almost immediately after Operation Barbarossa was launched in June 1941, Stalin began imploring Churchill -- and, after Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt -- to open a second front in Europe to draw German forces away from Russia. The pressure from Moscow was especially intense during the battle for Stalingrad. Even after the German advance was halted and reversed in 1943, Stalin continued to declare that as mighty as the revived Red Army was, it could...
Hitler's impulsive attack on Yugoslavia had delayed his invasion of Russia by a month -- which was to become critically important when the first snows began to fall. But the Germans expected little trouble when they rescheduled Operation Barbarossa for June...
...front. One army group would strike northward, toward Leningrad; another army group from the Warsaw area would move north of the Pripet Marshes toward Moscow, which Hitler planned to level and leave forever uninhabitable; the southernmost group, from Rumania, would storm across the Ukraine toward Kiev and Stalingrad. "Operation Barbarossa" would smash Russia within six months...
...only Englishman to sit on the Throne of St. Peter was born Nicholas Breakspear in humble circumstances. As Adrian IV (1154-59), he adroitly played off the grasping Byzantines, the ambitious Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the obstreperous Romans. The sole Portuguese Pope had a brief pontificate: John XXI (1276-77) was killed when the ceiling of the papal palace in Viterbo collapsed...