Word: begun
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...Johnson & Johnson's nightmare began to subside last week, another company's may have begun. Consumers in several states, including Florida, Georgia and Maryland, claimed to have found bits of broken glass in Gerber baby food and fruit juice. Local and federal authorities began trying to confirm the incidents to determine whether any pattern existed. But FDA officials suspected that if glass was indeed found in the Gerber containers, ) it was the result of jars that chipped during shipment rather than a rash of copycat mayhem...
...When he arrived at Bethesda the following year, he had not performed open-heart surgery in six years. Nonetheless, the Navy permitted him to undertake such operations after only six months of retraining. Last month Monmouth's chairman of surgery, Dr. Cyril Arvanitis, revealed that he had begun to suspect Billig after examining weekly reports of patient deaths. "Dr. Billig's cases began to appear with increasing frequency," Arvanitis testified. "We kept seeing new cases, and his explanations weren't satisfactory...
Even attempts to investigate Billig were marred by incompetence and misdirection. Scarcely a week after he had begun his inquiry, Hodges was telephoned by his onetime commanding officer, Captain James Quinn, who told him to drop the Billig case. "He accused me of ruining the reputation of an outstanding physician," Hodges testified. "I was chewed out severely." Quinn, who is now retired from the Navy, has received a letter of censure. The review ultimately cleared Billig, and four of the deaths with which he is charged occurred in the following year. Outrage over the Billig case has focused attention...
However, recent actions by Congress threaten the peer review process. Congress has begun to legislate research funds directly to institutions, thus bypassing the review process and seriously threatening the future quality and integrity of academic research...
Although Cornell can afford to carry on the supercomputer project without the federal money, giving up $10 million is a bitter pill to swallow. Thus the decision is both bold and praiseworthy. Other universities should also demand that the merit-review process be maintained. Indeed, some have already begun to do so--witness Harvard Vice President for Government and Public Affairs John Shattuck, who pledged that Harvard "will refuse all money not received by the peer review process...