Word: bells
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...streets, singing and shouting and hugging one another. Many gave impromptu speeches, prayed or paraded with Polish flags. Thousands flocked to Wojtyla's residence on Fran-ciszkanska Street and to St. Mary's Church, his episcopal seat. At Wawel Castle, where Polish kings once lived, the great Zygmunt Bell, rung only on historic occasions, pealed joyously, as did the bells in all of Warsaw's churches...
...classic case of scientific serendipity. The two young scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, N.J., were using a hornlike antenna to "listen" to the faint background hiss created by stars and other radio sources in the Milky Way galaxy. What they picked up was a faint echo of the creation, the remnant of the cataclysmic fireball, or Big Bang, that gave birth to the universe 15 to 20 billion years...
...primordial fireball. In theory, this radiation should be equivalent to what would be emitted by a so-called black body with a temperature of only 3.5 Celsius degrees above absolute zero-or about what the temperature of the universe should be now, billions of years after the fireball. The Bell scientists' discovery virtually confirmed that the universe had begun with a bang and, as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences put it, "has made it possible to obtain information about cosmic processes that took place a very long time ago, at the time of the creation of the universe...
...wizards at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J., who launched the microelectronic age with the invention of the transistor 31 years ago, have broken that speed limit. Bell scientists have developed a way of at least doubling the velocity at which electrons race through tiny chips. Their feat could point the way to a whole new generation jf "smart," computer-run devices in the lome as well as in industry...
...create what in effect is an electron freeway without these obstructing potholes, Bell Physicist Raymond Dingle and his colleagues built a semiconductor made of extremely thin, alternate layers of aluminum gallium arsenide (which they doped) and gallium arsenide (which they left pure). They reasoned that any electrons donated by the impurity would tend to migrate to the adjoining undoped gallium arsenide layer because of their tendency to seek what physicists call a lower energy state. Explains the Australian-born Dingle: "It's rather like the inclination of water to flow downhill." The new design worked. Isolated from the obstructing...