Word: berbers
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...early military education at the military academy at Toledo, from which he graduated in 1915. For nearly 20 years, he served in Spanish Morocco, where he won a reputation as a fair, able officer. In 1925, while leading one of the Spanish army's Moorish battalions against the Berber uprising in Morocco, he suffered serious chest wounds. One of the leading planners for this campaign was Munoz Grandes' close associate,Colonel Francisco Franco...
Jews were living and working in North Africa before the Romans came. Some of them are Berber tribesmen whose ancestors were converted from paganism before the 7th century A.D. Others are Sephardim-Descendants of Spanish Jews who were forced into exile across the Mediterranean by Visigothic persecution in the 6th century or the Inquisition of the 15th. A third strain consists of European Jews who settled in North African cities after World War II. All three have found that exile is the inevitable aftermath of independence...
Private Regiment. The area was chosen with special care: the grasslands at the foot of Ouarsenis mountains, 100 miles west of Algiers. It is a region inhabited by some 30,000 Berber tribesmen who are ruled by their French-appointed bachaga (chief), Said Boualem, 55, a tall, gaunt landowner with the commanding face of a Sioux warrior. Boualem is an ex-major of the French army and was repeatedly decorated for gallantry in the Italian campaign of World War II. Best of all, he was a comrade-in-arms and old friend of ex-Colonel Jean Gardes, a top aide...
...French-Moslem Provisional Executive charged with responsibility for Algeria's administration and the conduct of the referendum (probably in June) in which Algerians are expected to vote overwhelmingly for "independence in cooperation with France." A rotund bon vivant as fluent in French as Arabic, Fares comes from a Berber family (his father was killed fighting with the French army at Verdun in World War I), and at 25 became the first Moslem notary public in Algeria. After the rebellion began in 1954. the French government sent Fares on a lecture tour of the U.S., where he proclaimed Algeria...
...were never applied in Algeria. A few tame Moslems, known as beni-oui-ouis (yes-men), were allowed to participate in the government, but elections were so frankly rigged that even in France itself, "les elections algeriennes" was a phrase to describe stuffing the ballot box. An old Berber once complained to Ethnologist Germaine Tillion: "You've led us to the middle of the ford, and there you've left...