Word: bindings
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Observing these bacterial tricks, molecular biologists began isolating various restriction enzymes. They had already discovered another type of bacterial enzyme, called a ligase (from the Latin word meaning to bind), which acted as a form of genetic glue that could reattach severed snatches of DNA. Using their new biochemical tools, the scientists embarked upon some remarkable experiments. As usual, they turned to their favorite guinea pig, a lab strain of E. coli, and soon they had learned to insert with exquisite precision new genetic material from other, widely differing organisms into the bacteria (see diagram...
...energy bind, consider the one that Nazi Germany faced in the 1930s: it prepared to fight a world war with no secure reserves of oil at all. The Germans' solution was to make oil from coal, and they did that so successfully that after 1944 (when oil supplies from Nazi-aligned Rumania were bombed out) the Luftwaffe planes flew, and the Reich tanks rolled, almost exclusively on coal-derived gasoline. Could the Nazi know-how help the U.S. three decades later...
Mother has just created a classic double bind, saying yes and no to her daughter at the same time. Most parents use such paradoxical commands occasionally because they are unable to resolve their conflicting feelings. That familiar behavior may seem harmless. But according to a branch of psychiatry known as family therapy, repeated double binding is ordinarily found in families that produce schizophrenics...
Mother's Role. Most family therapists try to get at the roots of schizophrenia by treating parents and grandparents as well as the child. But at a Manhattan conference of family therapists (titled "Beyond the Double Bind"), Bowen insisted that the roots go farther back. In fact, he believes that it probably takes close to ten generations of parental weakness to produce a schizophrenic...
Bowen believes, each set of parents unwittingly damages the weakest child. But the mother's role is more crucial: the weak child is usually the one with the most intense early attachment to the mother. Troubled mothers often try to control their own immaturity by using the double bind in caring for the child. Example: "Stay an infant, so I can care for you. Grow up, be a success." In an early study of schizophrenia, Bowen cited the example of a mother's way of dealing with a psychotic son: she buttered his bread, cut his meat...