Word: bolognas
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Paris and Bologna were the earliest seats of advanced study - the one in theology, the other in law. They were the foundations of the modern universities, Oxford and the universities in Spain, Germany and northern France being modeled after the University of Paris, and those in Italy and southern France after the University of Bologna. Originally they were not universities, in the modern sense of the term. The nucleus of the modern university was merely a gathering of pupils around a teacher of eminence and repute, whom they supported by fees. The teacher, who was called "doctor" or "magister artum...
...Bologna, the ruling power was at first entirely in the hands of the students, they choosing the professors, while at Paris the lecturers alone had authority. The officers were originally a rector and a counselor, with civil officers, such as beadles, notaries, etc. The rector held his place for a year and the retiring rector chose his successor. Degrees of "doctor" and "magister" were given, though these titles were not originally used. The degree was given after an examination and bestowed the right of teaching upon the holder. It took six to eight years to get a degree...
...mediaeval times, when students flocked to the universities by thousands, the extortions by lodging-house keepers became intolerable, and energetic measures were devised to repress them, as at Oxford, at Paris and at Bologna. Students do not yet flock to Harvard in such multitudes; but the growth of the university in recent years has been so rapid and the increase in the number of students has been so great, that the available means of personal accommodation have been quite unequal to the demand. This fact undoubtedly reflects high honor upon the faculty, instructors and government of the institution...
...There were four great universities of ancient times," says Dr. W. T. Harris, "Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna and Paris. From the crusades came the idea of civil law, and the degree of Dr. was bestowed upon graduates of the University of Bologna, while that of Master of Arts was from Paris University after the graduates had completed the study of the seven liberal arts. The degree of Bachelor of Arts was instituted first by Gregory...
...that school into his actions in after life. The same is true of the universities that sprang up at the end of the Middle Ages, and of the various schools of art all over the continent of Europe. The reputation of one great teacher was sufficient to draw to Bologna or Padua students from the semi-barbarous Poland or the far-distant England. The genius of Titian made Venice the resort of his many admirers and pupils, in the same way that Michelangelo was the centre of art in Florence and Rome...