Word: bolsheviks
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Considering the fact that the 1917 Revolution was dedicated to the destruction of religion, the present standoff is something of a triumph for Orthodoxy.* The early Bolshevik regime confiscated church lands and abolished religious influence in schools. Intense atheism campaigns in the 1920s and '30s led to the imprisonment and death of thousands of priests and the desecration of countless churches. In the Ukrainian city of Kramatorsk, workers boasted that they burned 20,000 icons in socialist competition. By 1939, when Stalin signed his pact with Hitler, the Russian Orthodox Church had only 100 or so churches open throughout...
...Communism. Though the peasants and workers were not formally allied with these groups, and were not coordinated, thousands of peasant revolts and dozens of worker uprisings reflected the masses' opposition to Communism. A Red Army was mobilized by executing tens of thousands of men who tried to evade Bolshevik conscription. But this Russian national resistance to Communism received scant support from the Western powers...
Just four months before an agent of Joseph Stalin's secret police shattered his skull with an alpine axe in 1940, Bolshevik Revolutionary Leader Leon Trotsky sold his confidential correspondence to Harvard for $10,000. Last week the university's Houghton Library unveiled it. Included were Trotsky's own copies of 17,500 letters written by him and to him from 1927 to 1940, and kept under wraps ever since at Trotsky's own insistence, in order to protect his correspondents from Stalin's possible retribution...
Trotsky's letters disclose a new and fascinating personal dimension of the revolutionary genius who, as Lenin's right-hand man, led the Bolshevik armed forces in the October 1917 revolution. After Lenin's death in 1924, Trotsky lost a struggle for power to Stalin; this ended in Trotsky's banishment and Stalin's Great Purge of supposed "Trotskyites" in the late 1930s. The consequences of that savage quarrel run like a sanguinary thread throughout the Trotsky correspondence...
...father's secretary at 17 and executor of his will in 1910. She never married because, she said, "I didn't want to exchange my father for someone else." After working as a nurse on the front lines of World War I, she became active in anti-Bolshevik intellectual circles, and was arrested five times and jailed for a year. In 1931 she immigrated to the U.S., where she wrote, lectured and ran several chicken farms. In 1939 she founded the Tolstoy Foundation in Valley Cottage to aid and absorb refugees from Soviet bloc countries and, she said...