Word: boning
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...roofs laid over a (now decayed) wooden frame; they were evidently meant to be used year-round. The team also unearthed a Celtic-style bronze pin with a ring-shaped head similar to ones the Norse used to fasten their cloaks, a soapstone spindle whorl, a bit of bone needle, a small whetstone for sharpening scissors and needles, lumps of worked iron and iron boat nails. (All these items helped win over detractors, since the artifacts were clearly not native to America...
Further excavations in the mid-1970s under the auspices of Parks Canada, the site's custodian, made it plain that this was most likely the place where Leif set up camp. Among the artifacts turned up: loom weights, another spindle whorl, a bone needle, jasper fire starters, pollen, seeds, butternuts and, most important, about 2,000 scraps of worked wood that were subsequently radiocarbon dated to between 980 and 1020--just when Leif visited Vinland...
Doctors have successfully treated many young SCID patients before with various types of bone-marrow transplants. What distinguishes these two babies, researchers reported in Science last week, is that they are the first to be treated, apparently successfully, entirely by gene therapy. Says Dr. Alain Fischer, who headed the gene team at Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades in Paris: "Preliminary evidence is of a faster and more complete immune reconstitution after gene therapy...
These adult stem cells appear to be fairly restricted in what they can become. (Stem cells in the bone marrow usually give rise to different types of blood cells; stem cells in the muscles generally give rise to muscle.) Otherwise, Kafkaesque as it may seem, you could wake up one morning to find that your foot had turned itself into a liver. In any case, while there's no controversy over the use of adult stem cells, their potential benefit as a therapy seems limited...
Stem cells are also highly responsive to their surroundings. Researchers have taken adult stem cells from the brains of rats and put them in bone marrow and watched, in astonishment, as they spewed out blood cells. True, they did not form all the different blood-cell types, just a few. But until then no one had known that adult stem cells could adapt even that much to their environment...