Word: bonnes
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Ties That Bind. Bonn sees in the U.S. its only outside hope for some day persuading the Russians to permit the reunification of the German nation. London, shut out of European integration, is caught in a financial crisis that only dollar backing can help solve. France, alone of Europe's Big Three, has neither external nor internal troubles requiring the special aid of the U.S., thus can hold out for considerable independence. But Paris frankly acknowledges that, despite the incipient French atomic force, it will be dependent for years to come on the American nuclear arsenal for real protection...
Even on matters of basic strategy, there are points of obvious conflict. France, Italy and West Germany object to the U.S. emphasis upon "flexible response" if it means that NATO would not employ even tactical nuclear weapons against Communist aggression. Bonn understandably balks at any strategy that places the Rhine as the point at which all-out retaliation would begin. Recent training exercises by French troops indicated that French generals are more interested in defending French territory than in meshing with NATO. And all the other allies shudder at the prospect of giving quarreling NATO members Greece and Turkey...
...must still be resolved, professes willingness to listen to any modifications of the whole idea. Actually, only West Germany seems at all enthusiastic about MLF, and even the Germans are caught in crossfire from De Gaulle, who hints at breaking off his recent agreement to cooperate and consult with Bonn on foreign policy, defense and cultural affairs if the Germans join...
...still leave with the U.S. President the actual decision to use the missiles. At an eleven-hour foreign-policy debate in the French assembly, Couve de Murville in effect argued that MLF is a phony, that it would divide and not unite Europe. He was particularly angry at Bonn, which had accepted MLF as well as virtually every other U.S. plan, while being increasingly cool to De Gaulle's policies...
...Bonn imposed stiff excise taxes on fuel oil some time ago, and persuaded coal companies to close 37 mines and 122 coalpits by offering aid and incentive payments. Coal's decline has continued inexorably, and mountains of unsold coal have piled up throughout the Ruhr, the Saar and other coal-producing regions. Last week's mine closings were to meet the deadline for federal aid, since most of the mine owners-even some who are operating at a profit-see little hope for the future...