Word: bootstrapping
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Dumas is far from perfect: its students still test below the Illinois state average; its physical plant is fraying; services are bad. "They send me inferior hamburger, moldy bread, spoiled milk," fumes Peters. But Dumas, with its emphasis on bootstrap help, is light-years ahead of most black public schools in the U.S. "There are several hundred black schools in Chicago alone, and most of them are still doing terribly," says Gary Orfield, a visiting professor at Harvard's graduate school of education...