Word: bosses
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Meeting at East Berlin's Dynamo Football Club Gymnasium, the 2,714 delegates overwhelmingly nominated as party leader Gregor Gysi, a reformist lawyer who at 41 becomes the youngest Communist boss in Eastern Europe. Only three months ago, Gysi came under withering attack by hard-liners for representing the opposition group New Forum in its bid for legal status. Now, said Gysi after winning election, the Communists in East Germany will be merely "one party among others...
...rhetoric along the Potomac became more appreciative during the summer, but what Marxists (there are still a few left in Moscow) call the "objective realities" of U.S. policy remained pretty much unchanged. A few days before the Pentagon cuts, an adviser to Gorbachev seemed to be expressing his boss's exasperation: "Our leader is presiding, with incredible boldness and at incredible risk, over the perestroika not just of our own country, but of the entire international order, and your leader keeps saying, 'Thanks, good luck, and have a nice day.' What do we have to do for you Americans...
...down the resistance of Jakes holdouts, including trade-union representatives, while wooing the bloc from the Slovak republic, which was trying to boost its own influence. In exchange, the reformist camp had to make three concessions. They allowed two hard-liners, Prague party leader Miroslav Stepan and trade-union boss Miroslav Zavadil, to keep their Politburo seats. The five Slovak members of the Politburo also would retain their posts, including Jozef Lenart, despised for his collaboration with the Soviets in the post-invasion era. And no Strougal partisans would replace the ousted Politburo members. Hence the appointment of Karel Urbanek...
...Communist world worsened. En route to Malta, Gorbachev stopped in Rome to visit John Paul II. His momentous meeting with the Pope marked the beginning of the end of more than 70 years of antagonism between the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church. The first Soviet Communist Party boss to set foot on Vatican soil, Gorbachev conferred with the Pope for an unexpectedly long 75 minutes in the library of the 16th century Apostolic Palace. Addressing John Paul II as "Your Holiness" -- no small gesture for the leader of a nation and party formally pledged to atheism -- Gorbachev promised that...
Resentment against the army's influence over civil society almost certainly played a role. In a recent survey, 73% of those questioned said officers have a better chance of promotion in civilian life, 59% thought their boss was an officer, and 34% added that he continued to treat them like soldiers in the office. The cooler new military mood may also reflect the "feminization" of Switzerland. Women did not receive the vote until 1971, and they have become a more powerful presence in the workplace and in politics. "There's a male network to which women don't belong," says...