Word: botswana
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Meanwhile, external opposition to Smith is tied up in knots. The "front-line" states that are the Patriotic Front's chief backers--namely Mozambique, Angola, Zambia, Botswana and Tanzania--have been distracted lately by domestic matters and quarrels among themselves. All of them have suffered ravaged economies because of the curtailment of trade in the region caused by the embargo on dealings with Rhodesia; in fact, the embargo has hurt African states more than it has affected the Smith regime. Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda even had to reopen the border with Rhodesia this month to make possible importation of badly...
Even as Smith was consenting to the conference, U.S. officials conceded that "a serious complication" made it very uncertain whether Nkomo and Mugabe-not to mention their allies in the five front-line states of Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania and Botswana-would attend. While Smith was promoting the cause of his internal settlement in Houston, Texas, the Rhodesian armed forces carried out a devastating series of raids on military bases of Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) deep inside Zambia. In all, Salisbury claimed, its air and paratroop forces hit 12 different ZAPU camps and killed...
Koka, founder of the Black Allied Workers' Union is South Africa, fled to Botswana in 1976 to avoid arrest. He had played a leading role in the strikes and demonstrations that began in Soweto in June of that year. Koka said the government had constantly harrassed him since 1973 for his role in organizing black workers...
Although dictated by economic necessity, Kaunda's decision to flout United Nations sanctions against the breakaway British colony could potentially fracture the unity of the front-line states (the others: Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique and Botswana). Their goal is to install a black majority government in Rhodesia, preferably headed by leaders of the Patriotic Front. The Front's guerrillas greeted the reopening of the railroad by blowing up tracks in southwest Rhodesia. The damage was quickly repaired...
That ominous prophecy worries no one more than Nyerere. As elder statesman of the five black "frontline states" (Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Angola and Botswana) that want to erase the last vestiges of white rule in southern Africa, Nyerere's support for efforts to bring peace to the area is pivotal. Because of Nyerere's staunch support for liberation movements, Smith has unfairly dubbed him "the evil genius on the Rhodesian scene." That sobriquet overstates Nyerere's influence with the guerrillas; it also fails to convey the Tanzanian leader's desire for peace...