Word: botswana
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...called frontline states (Mozambique, Zambia, Angola, Tanzania and Botswana), whose support is crucial to the guerrillas, were given much of the credit for breaking the deadlock. Anxious for an end to the costly struggle, their leaders had been instrumental ever since they helped bring the Front to the conference table last September. With strong diplomatic encouragement from Whitehall and Washington, the frontline Presidents had sent a senior representative to London to tell the guerrilla leaders-particularly the recalcitrant Mugabe-that they must settle with the British. That arm twisting, and the additional assembly points, did the trick...
Much credit for bringing the Patriotic Front back to the conference table went to leaders of the front-line African states (Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana and Angola), which provide crucial support to the guerrillas. Staggering under severe economic pressures, these countries have been urging their Patriotic Front wards to negotiate a settlement of the costly seven-year war. Frontline leaders were shocked by Carrington's strong-handed tactics and feared that the success of the talks was being "jeopardized" by a mere technicality. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, a key sponsor of the Lancaster House talks, invited the other front...
Among these changed circumstances behind the Patriotic Front's dramatic shift has been the pressure exerted by the so-called front-line states (Tanzania, Botswana, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia), on which the guerrillas depend for most of their support. Faced with serious economic difficulties at home, the front-line leaders have been anxious for an end to the long and costly war and have not been shy about arm twisting. Warned Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere in London's New Statesman: "If any wing of the Patriotic Front should develop doubts or hesitations about fighting such an open election...
...Zambia, but without crippling the Patriotic Front; Nkomo and his partner Robert Mugabe now have an estimated 12,000 fighters operating inside Zimbabwe Rhodesia, almost double the number of a year ago. Tiring of the stalemate, the guerrillas' backers in the "frontline states" (Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique and Botswana) have prodded Nkomo and Mugabe to be more flexible. Simultaneously British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher has been pressuring Muzorewa to accept amendments to the Zimbabwe Rhodesia constitution that would remove some of the privileges accorded the country's 230,000 whites (in a population of 7.2 million) in exchange...
...within the Salisbury delegation by objecting to matters even Muzorewa had agreed to. He called the retention of constitutional safeguards for the 3 per cent white population of Zimbabwe "absolutely vital." It is just those safeguards, of course, which the front-line states of black Africa (Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia) find objectionable; even Britain, the United States and Muzorewa have conceded that safeguards must be weakened substantially. Many whites from Smith's old Rhodesia Front party also now agree that white safeguards need to be reduced. Smith's comments split the Zimbabwe delegation badly...