Word: boycotters
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Wilkins admits that his work aims more at achieving specific ends than at generating mass awareness. He considers the concept of mass action "something of a fantasy." "People have to be manipulated," he says. "Movements are carried through by a very small elite. School boycotts and similar massive techniques can at times be effective, but all too often boycotts get mixed up with politics. Then the people involved become more interested in fighting City Hall than in getting better schools." But he thinks the Boston school boycott's leaders had acted wisely, with a clear understanding of ends...
Students who watched the "freedom stay-out" Wednesday at boycott headquarters, freedom schools, or the City Hall rally reported three impressions. They were struck by the purposefulness and orderly enthusiasm of freedom school students, broken only by jubilant freedom songs. They noticed the closeness of the movement's leaders to the participants--"They were really from the people," one girl said. Finally, the students said "a sense of beginning" pervaded the boycott...
...thought of the effect the boycott might have on Boston's ecumenical movement. Sectarian division between Catholics and Protestants on school integration has been troubling Boston religious leaders interested in unity, but they have been reluctant to bring the split into the open. Richard Cardinal Cushing has supported the Boston School Committee's contention that the stay-out was harmful, practically siding with the smug bigotry of Committeewoman Louise Day Hicks. Episcopal Bishop Anson Phelps Stokes, on the other hand, has sided with the boycott leaders. One of the movement's co-chairmen is Canon James P. Breeden, a Negro...
...more important than the emotion of the isolated issue of the "freedom stay-out" is what the boycott has done to strength Boston's civil rights movement. The Hub has been slowest of the northern industrial centers to evolve a militant civil rights movement. Partly this is because the Negroes population is relatively small, partly it is because Negroes here are not quite so oppressively impoverished as in New York or Chicago. New York passed through these relatively pleasant phases of the movement which Boston is experiencing well over a year ago. The Negro civil rights leadership there...
...Boston movement can begin to build the kind of civil rights "bureaucracy" that has proved so crucial to the sustained, sophisticated struggle in New York. There, part-time civil rights enthusiasts have given way to predominantly Negro "bureaucracies" able to fight the subtle segregation of the North through every boycott and legal-action phase...