Word: boycotters
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Negro frustration, new leaders and new organizations began bursting out all over. Perhaps the most successful has been the Rev. Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In 1955-56, Baptist King, an exponent of the Gandhian technique of massive but passive protest, successfully led a boycott to end bus segregation in Montgomery, Ala. The post-Little Rock disappointments gave King's movement even greater impetus. King himself has explained: "We were confronted with blasted hopes, and the dark shadow of a deep disappointment settled upon us. So we had no alternative except that of preparing...
...this year will make the A.F.T. look more and more like a powerhouse that gets results. Utah's teachers belong to the 858,000-member National Education Association, biggest "professional" organization in the world. In response to teacher militancy, the N.E.A. has devised the "sanction"-a teachers' boycott that supposedly is not a strike but can close schools. Utah was to be the big test: a national sanction against an entire state...
...week ago in Albany, Ga., a Federal grand jury returned indictments against nine leaders of the Albany Movement, a militant civil rights organization fighting a bitterly segregationist city. Three persons were indicted for "obstructing justice," the charge being based upon a boycott they organized against the Carl Smith Grocery. Smith was on the jury that heard a suit brought by Charlie Ware, a Negro, against Sheriff Warren Johnson, alleging Johnson had violated Ware's constitutional rights by shooting him while under arrest. (Ware, of course, lost the case.) The government claimed the boycott was in "retaliation" for Smith's vote...
...possible that the defendants are guilty of the alleged offenses (though they claim plans to boycott Smith for discriminatory hiring practices were laid before the Ware trial began). But it is hard to determine any motive for the Justice Department's behavior except hostility to the integration movement or a desire to appease segregationist politicians. In Albany and other segregationist cities the law has become a relative concept, and it is often enforced with appalling disregard for common decency, let alone justice...
Thanks, incidentally, to the United States, the final resolution was a watered-down version of the original request by the African bloc for a total economic boycott of the increasingly vicious apartheid government of Prime Minister Verwoerd. If the democracies are divided over even this mild action, African doubts of Western sincerety can only be strengthened, and justifiably...