Word: bypassed
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...your article "Revitalized Hearts" [July 30] the mortality statistics for patients with and without surgical treatment by coronary-bypass techniques were quoted incorrectly, giving a falsely grim outlook for both groups of patients. In the Cleveland Clinic study, 6.2% of 1,000 operated patients were dead after one year, compared with 11.9% of non-operated patients with severe coronary disease. The cumulative mortality of surgical patients after three years was 13.4% (of 269 patients who were followed over three years), compared with 24.9% of nonsurgical patients...
What makes these men's activities remarkable is that they have all had drastic surgery to improve the circulation in their hearts by bypassing severely diseased portions of their coronary arteries. Without such surgery, it is doubtful that they-or an estimated 60,000 other Americans similarly afflicted-would be alive today. Just five years after becoming known to surgeons, the coronary-bypass operation is the most frequently performed radical lifesaving procedure in U.S. hospitals...
Fewer Deaths. Bypass surgery began with an unplanned and extreme measure taken in November 1964 by Dr. H. Edward Garrett at Houston's Methodist Hospital. Operating on a 42-year-old truck driver named Heriberto Hernandez, Garrett had expected to ream out a short stretch of clogged coronary artery and stitch over it a split piece of vein removed from the patient's own leg-what surgeons call a patch graft. Two main arteries proved to be so diseased that this procedure was not feasible. Garrett, who is now at the University of Tennessee's Medical Unit...
Effler, gave the go-ahead, and the coronary bypass soon gained fame and popularity-and an ever higher degree of safety and dependability...
With this theory, the U.S. government could bypass any change aimed specifically at the lower classes, such as agrarian reform and equalized distribution of income, which would be touchy politically. The poverty of Latin Americans is so drastic to begin with that the incremental change from "filtering" would barely affect conditions. Since the inception of the program, the population has grown faster than any advantages arising from the growth of business. Though evidence is clear that economic development does not benefit the lower classes, it remains the cornerstone of State Department policy...