Word: california
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Like many other ambitious young scientists, Ho wanted to be the first to isolate the virus that causes AIDS. Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo beat him to it. (Ho came in fourth, after Jay Levy of the University of California, San Francisco.) Still, while working in Hirsch's lab, Ho became expert at detecting HIV in places where few were able to find it. He was the first to show that it grows in long-lived immune cells called macrophages and among the first to isolate it in the nervous system and semen. Just as important, he showed that there...
...taken a junior faculty position at UCLA and moved his family back to California. He contacted Dr. Robert Schooley of the University of Colorado Medical Center in Denver, and together they embarked on a clinical trial of soluble CD4 in two dozen patients, many of them in the later stages of AIDS. Unfortunately, Ho and Schooley wound up proving that soluble CD4 doesn't work. In the process, however, they discovered something very interesting--that there were tens of thousands of infectious viral particles in their patients' bodies, a lot more than anyone had expected...
...family initially settled in a black neighborhood of central Los Angeles, not far from the University of Southern California, where Paul Ho pursued a master's degree in engineering. A translator for U.S. troops in China during World War II, he instructed his wife that their sons were to stick to Taiwanese and Mandarin Chinese and not learn English until they got to America for a better chance of speaking it without an accent. As Sonia Ho recalls in careful but imperfect English, "When we first come to U.S., we don't know any words. David would come home from...
These findings led Wong-Staal to shift her focus from directly attacking the virus to bolstering the immune system with the tools of gene therapy. In 1990 she left Gallo's lab to head the Center for AIDS Research at the University of California at San Diego. Although it may take years, she believes that gene therapy--with its promise of cheaper drugs and milder side effects--could provide the best AIDS treatment...
...These new treatments are like hope with an asterisk," says R. Scott Hitt, chairman of the White House Council on AIDS. Yet the signs of something changing are everywhere. In California, Sherman Oaks Hospital has shut down its AIDS unit, which used to hold 40 or more patients. In some recent months, the patient population dropped to three. In Los Angeles the AIDS Healthcare Foundation closed one of its three hospices. "This is the most important year in the history of the AIDS epidemic," says the foundation's president, Michael Weinstein. "For the first time, we made more progress than...