Word: caltech
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...soil in black and white pictures with a color-coded wheel that is attached to Surveyor's leg and is visible in each picture. From the comparison, they hope to determine the approximate color of the soil. "We placed the soil just where we wanted it," said Caltech Engineer Ronald Scott, who supervised the experiment. "The operation was accurate to within half an inch, working at a range of a quarter of a million miles...
...same issue of Science, a group headed by Caltech Geologist Bruce Murray contends that the Russians may well have already contaminated both Venus and Mars. In 1965, there was a failure aboard Russia's Venus 3, which was to parachute a sterilized instrument capsule to the surface of Venus. As a result, they believe, both the capsule and the unsterilized spacecraft hit the Venusian surface. A similar mishap that same year may have caused the unsterilized Russian probe called Zond 2 to impact on the surface of Mars...
...Texas-born Frank Malina, 54, now a UNESCO adviser on astronautics in Paris, was a cofounder of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Starting out to make "a little bridge" between science and art, he began with strings, wires and painted plastic screens. He calls his finished squiggly luminal needlepoint paintings "Lumidynes," has built some ten feet high...
...added to the confusion about quasars. Recent radio astronomy measurements indicate that some may be less than a light year (about six trillion miles) in diameter, mere specks in comparison with average galaxies, which contain billions of stars and are 100,000 light-years in diameter. And a new Caltech study suggests that quasars have an immensely bright core which is only a few "light days" in diameter. Yet if the quasars are as far out in space as their red shifts seem to indicate, they must emit 100 times as much light as an entire galaxy in order...
...Caltech...